What size wire for 10 amps at 12V?
10 A over 10 ft one way at 12 V with a 3% drop limit needs 12 AWG copper. By current rating alone 18 AWG would do (10 A, chassis-wiring guidance), so longer runs are decided by voltage drop and need thicker wire. The table gives every length from 5 to 50 ft.
Use 12 AWG (3.31 mm²) copper or larger.
Voltage drop sets the size. 14 AWG would drop 4.21%, over your 3% limit. Ampacity alone would allow 18 AWG.
Check: 12 AWG (3.31 mm²)
| Load current | 10 A |
| Wire in the circuit (out and back) | 2 x 10 ft = 20 ft |
| Resistance of 12 AWG | 1.588 ohm per 1000 ft; 0.03176 ohm for this circuit |
| Voltage drop | 0.318 V = 2.65% within 3% |
| Voltage at the load | 11.68 V |
| Power lost in the wire | 3.18 W |
| Ampacity of 12 AWG | 25 A (NEC 310.16, 75 C) ok |
Vd = I x 2L x R / 1000 = 10 x 2 x 10 x 1.588 / 1000 = 0.318 V, and 0.318 / 12 = 2.65%. Length L in feet, R in ohms per 1000 ft.
| AWG | mm² | Drop (V) | Drop (%) | At load (V) | Rated (A) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | 0.82 | 1.277 | 10.64 | 10.72 | 10* | too much drop |
| 16 | 1.31 | 0.803 | 6.69 | 11.2 | 13* | too much drop |
| 14 | 2.08 | 0.505 | 4.21 | 11.49 | 20 | too much drop |
| 12 | 3.31 | 0.318 | 2.65 | 11.68 | 25 | smallest that passes |
| 10 | 5.26 | 0.2 | 1.66 | 11.8 | 35 | passes |
| 8 | 8.37 | 0.126 | 1.05 | 11.87 | 50 | passes |
| 6 | 13.3 | 0.079 | 0.66 | 11.92 | 65 | passes |
| 4 | 21.2 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 11.95 | 85 | passes |
| 3 | 26.7 | 0.039 | 0.33 | 11.96 | 100 | passes |
| 2 | 33.6 | 0.031 | 0.26 | 11.97 | 115 | passes |
| 1 | 42.4 | 0.025 | 0.21 | 11.98 | 130 | passes |
| 1/0 | 53.5 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 11.98 | 150 | passes |
| 2/0 | 67.4 | 0.016 | 0.13 | 11.98 | 175 | passes |
| 3/0 | 85 | 0.012 | 0.1 | 11.99 | 200 | passes |
| 4/0 | 107 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 11.99 | 230 | passes |
* chassis-wiring guidance; 14 AWG and up: NEC Table 310.16, copper, 75 C column.
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10 A wire size by length
| One-way length | 12V, 3% | 12V, 10% | 24V, 3% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 ft (1.5 m) | 14 | 18 | 18 |
| 10 ft (3 m) | 12 | 16 | 14 |
| 15 ft (4.6 m) | 10 | 14 | 12 |
| 20 ft (6.1 m) | 8 | 14 | 12 |
| 25 ft (7.6 m) | 8 | 12 | 10 |
| 30 ft (9.1 m) | 6 | 12 | 10 |
| 40 ft (12.2 m) | 6 | 10 | 8 |
| 50 ft (15.2 m) | 4 | 10 | 8 |
Copper, minimum AWG. * ampacity, not voltage drop, sets this size. "over 4/0" means no single copper conductor up to 4/0 passes: shorten the run, use a higher system voltage or run conductors in parallel. Length is one way; the math uses twice that, out and back.
Worked example
10 A at 12 V, 10 ft one way, 3% drop allowed. The current goes out and comes back,
so the circuit is 2 x 10 = 20 ft of wire, and the allowed drop is 12 x 3 / 100 =
0.36 V. Voltage drop is Vd = I x 2L x R / 1000, with R in ohms per 1000 ft:
- 14 AWG:
10 x 20 x 2.525 / 1000 = 0.505 V, which is 4.21% of 12 V; over the 3% limit. - 12 AWG:
10 x 20 x 1.588 / 1000 = 0.318 V, which is 2.65% of 12 V; passes both checks.
Answer: 12 AWG (3.31 mm²), rated 25 A, the smallest size that passes both.
Same current at 24V
At 24 V the same 10 A may drop twice as many volts for the same 3%, so a 10 ft run needs 14 AWG instead of 12 AWG. The current rating does not change with voltage, so the ampacity floor stays the same. See the 24V chart.
Before you buy wire
- Ampacity figures for 14 AWG and larger are from NEC (NFPA 70) Table 310.16, copper, 75 C column, which assumes 30 C ambient and no more than three current-carrying conductors bundled together. Hot spaces, bundles and conduit lower them. 18 and 16 AWG figures are chassis-wiring guidance, not NEC ratings.
- On boats, follow ABYC E-11 for DC wiring. Engine rooms are hot, and conductors there are allowed less current than the same wire elsewhere.
- Use wire rated for the location: heat, oil, water, sunlight and abrasion all matter. Stranded copper is the norm in vehicles and boats, where wire vibrates.
- Fuse every positive run close to the source, sized to protect the wire. NEC 240.4(D) limits the overcurrent device on 14, 12 and 10 AWG to 15, 20 and 30 A.
- This calculator does arithmetic. It does not certify an installation; check your work against the standards and the equipment makers' instructions, or have it checked.
Questions
What gauge wire for 10 amps at 12V over 20 feet?
8 at 3% drop and 14 at 10%, copper AWG.
How much voltage is lost carrying 10 amps through 10 feet of 12 AWG?
0.318 V, which is 2.65% of 12 V, and 3.2 W turned into heat in the wire. That uses 20 ft of wire, out and back.